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A stoma is an artificial opening in the abdominal wall that is constructed to drain stool or urine when it is no longer possible through the natural route.

A tracheostomy is an operation in which an opening is made in the windpipe (trachea). Through this opening, a tube (cannula) can be inserted to support breathing.

Ear tubes are tiny tubes inserted into the eardrum to treat problems in the middle ear. They are often used in case of recurring ear infections or persistent fluid build-up behind the eardrum, which can cause hearing loss. This procedure is mainly carried out in young children, but can also be done in adults.

The ear canal is the passage between the outer ear and the eardrum. In some people, this canal is naturally very narrow, or becomes narrowed due to scar tissue, infections or a skin condition. This can lead to hearing loss, recurring ear infections or difficulties when using a hearing aid. The canal can be surgically widened by means of a meatoplasty.

Vertebroplasty is a treatment for indentation fractures in which cement is applied to the indented vertebral body through one or two small incisions.

The removal of the tonsils, also known as a tonsillectomy, is a common operation in children and sometimes also in adults. The procedure is performed when the tonsils frequently become inflamed or when they are so enlarged that they obstruct breathing or swallowing.