Thyroid nodule

A lump (nodule) in the thyroid gland forms when a group of cells begins to grow. These cells can be benign or malignant but in most cases, the nodule is benign.

Symptoms

A thyroid nodule usually causes no symptoms at all. In some cases, the following symptoms may occur:

  • Visible swelling in the neck
  • Difficulty swallowing
  • Hoarseness
  • Wheezing
  • Excessive production of thyroid hormone (hyperthyroidism)

Examination

Thyroid nodules are often discovered by chance during another examination. Sometimes, you may notice or feel the nodule yourself.

To assess the nodule more closely, an ultrasound scan of the thyroid gland is performed.

In some cases, a thyroid fine-needle aspiration (FNA) is required. Under ultrasound guidance, a fine needle is used to collect a sample of tissue for examination by a pathologist or to drain fluid from the nodule. Most thyroid nodules are benign.

Treatment

Treatment depends on the nature and severity of the condition.

If the nodule is associated with an overactive thyroid, treatment with radioactive iodine may help reduce symptoms.

If the nodule causes local symptoms, thyroid surgery may be needed. This may involve partial or complete removal of the thyroid gland.

If the nodule is suspected to be malignant, surgery is required.