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Disc degeneration is a normal age-related phenomenon. Aging causes a number of changes in the intervertebral disc in most people. The disc starts to dry out and flatten, and cracks may develop.

In spinal stenosis, there is a narrowing of the spinal canal. This narrowing (stenosis) puts pressure on the nerve(s) running through the spinal canal.

In spondylolysis, the vertebral arch becomes detached from the vertebral body. This can occur in the lower back due to intense practice of certain sports, but can also be discovered by chance. When the vertebra does not stay in place but shifts, we speak of spondylolisthesis.

Pain at the level of the low back can occur acutely or gradually. It can happen spontaneously or as a result of a certain activity.

A lumbar disc hernia or herniated disc in the low back is a bulging of an intervertebral disc at the level of the low back. This can pinch nerves.

A cervical disc hernia or neck hernia is a bulging of an intervertebral disc at the level of the neck. This can cause nerves to become pinched.