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Disc degeneration is a normal age-related phenomenon. Aging causes a number of changes in the intervertebral disc in most people. The disc starts to dry out and flatten, and cracks may develop.

In spinal stenosis, there is a narrowing of the spinal canal. This narrowing (stenosis) puts pressure on the nerve(s) running through the spinal canal.

In spondylolysis, the vertebral arch becomes detached from the vertebral body. This can occur in the lower back due to intense practice of certain sports, but can also be discovered by chance. When the vertebra does not stay in place but shifts, we speak of spondylolisthesis.

Gallstones are hard, stony masses that form in the gallbladder. The gallbladder is a small organ under the liver that stores bile. The stones can range in size from small granules to large golf balls.

Gynaecomastia is the development of abnormal mammary gland tissue in boys or men. This can occur in one or both breasts and can sometimes cause pain or sensitivity.

Sweat gland inflammation, or hidradenitis, is a chronic condition that manifests as painful inflammations, lumps and abscesses. These inflammations occur mainly in areas where the skin rubs against each other such as the armpits, groin, buttocks and under the breasts.