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The vertebrae of the back consist of cubes stacked on top of each other that can move in relation to each other like hinges because of facet joints. When changes occur in these facet joints due to an accident or wear and tear, it can cause pain in the back.

A herniated disc or osteoarthritis in the back can put pressure on the nerve roots causing them to inflame. A nerve root infiltration is an injection of cortisone that reduces the inflammation and swelling of the nerve. As a result, you experience less pain and tingling.

ALIF stands for anterior lumbar interbody fusion. This involves securing the back along the front with a large cage that is placed between the vertebrae.

PLIF stands for posterior lumbar interbody fusion. This means securing the spine along the back by means of cages placed between the vertebral bodies.

Vertebroplasty is a treatment for indentation fractures in which cement is applied to the indented vertebral body through one or two small incisions.

The hand is a very important but complex body part. It allows us to feel, grasp, manipulate, hold and release objects. Injuries and limitations to the hand can have very profound effects on daily functioning.