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The reproductive hormones play a crucial role in the development and functioning of the body.

Coronary artery narrowing, also known as coronary artery disease, occurs when the blood vessels that supply the heart with oxygen (the coronary arteries) gradually become narrower. This usually happens due to a build-up of fatty deposits, cholesterol and other substances in the artery wall.

The foot is a complex assembly of bones, ligaments, tendons and muscles. Problems in the foot can arise from accident, trauma, fracture or stress fracture, as well as overuse, osteoarthritis and inflammation. The shape of the foot also often plays a major role. Some conditions result from a flat or hollow foot.

Hallux valgus is a condition in which the big toe (hallux) stands inward (valgus). This occurs in part because ligaments are too flexible, mostly in women. The condition can be congenital (familial) or arises from frequently wearing narrow shoes. Hallux valgus is also more common in people who have flat feet.

A hallux rigidus is a painful osteoarthritis in the big toe. Wear and tear of the cartilage causes a narrowing of the joint (osteoarthritis). This results in a painful restriction of movement.

A rotator cuff tear is a tear in the tendon sheet of the shoulder. This part of the shoulder provides the stability of the shoulder joint and the mobility of the arm.