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When the tendons of the shoulder become chronically wedged between the roof of the shoulder and the upper arm, we speak of an entrapment (impingement) of the shoulder. This causes pain in the upper arm.

In all movements of a normal shoulder, the humeral head is located centrally in the scapula. If the contact between the head and the socket disappears with certain movements, this indicates instability and you get the feeling that the shoulder is 'dislocating'.

Tendon calcification is the deposition of calcium crystals (calcification) in one of the tendons of the rotator cuff located around the head of the shoulder. Impaired blood flow causes the cells to be improperly urged to form calcium.

The clavicular joint is the joint between the acromion (part of the shoulder roof) and the clavicle (collarbone). A dislocation usually results from direct trauma to the shoulder.

The meniscus is a type of shock absorber for the knee and protects the cartilage when loaded. A meniscus injury usually occurs as a result of twisting the knee or due to wear and tear or old age.

The anterior cruciate ligament is a ligament located centrally in the knee. It provides stability during twisting or stretching movements. A torn anterior cruciate ligament often occurs during sports.