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An enlarged thyroid gland, also known as a goitre, is a condition in which the thyroid becomes larger than normal. It may cause no symptoms at all, but in some cases it can lead to signs that suggest an underlying condition requiring treatment.

A lump (nodule) in the thyroid gland forms when a group of cells begins to grow. These cells can be benign or malignant but in most cases, the nodule is benign.

Head and neck cancer is a collective term for malignant tumours in the head and neck area such as the mouth, throat, nose, sinuses and larynx. Early detection is important, as the tumor can quickly spread to surrounding structures.

In spinal stenosis, there is a narrowing of the spinal canal. This narrowing (stenosis) puts pressure on the nerve(s) running through the spinal canal.

In spondylolysis, the vertebral arch becomes detached from the vertebral body. This can occur in the lower back due to intense practice of certain sports, but can also be discovered by chance. When the vertebra does not stay in place but shifts, we speak of spondylolisthesis.

Osteoporosis is a common syndrome that can cause fractures at the level of the vertebrae. These fractures are also called indentation fractures or collapsed vertebrae.