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Problems in the normal swallowing process arise from inadequate functioning of various muscle groups, structures or nerves. The swallowing disorder (dysphagia) makes it difficult to transport food or secure the airway.

There are three major salivary glands located beneath the ear, in the lower jaw and under the tongue. In addition, hundreds of small salivary glands are found in the lining of the mouth and throat. Problems can occur in these glands due to an inflammation or a tumour.

In spinal stenosis, there is a narrowing of the spinal canal. This narrowing (stenosis) puts pressure on the nerve(s) running through the spinal canal.

In spondylolysis, the vertebral arch becomes detached from the vertebral body. This can occur in the lower back due to intense practice of certain sports, but can also be discovered by chance. When the vertebra does not stay in place but shifts, we speak of spondylolisthesis.

Sports injuries are an inevitable part of the sports world. From strains and sprains to more serious injuries such as broken bones and torn ligaments. These injuries can have a significant impact on both professional and recreational athletes.

Hemorrhoids, or haemorrhoids, are a condition of the anus. Hemorrhoids are a tangle of blood vessels covered with mucous membrane within the ring of the sphincter of the anus. They form the valve of the anus. This means they are important for holding up bowel movements.