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In spondylolysis, the vertebral arch becomes detached from the vertebral body. This can occur in the lower back due to intense practice of certain sports, but can also be discovered by chance. When the vertebra does not stay in place but shifts, we speak of spondylolisthesis.

In spinal stenosis, there is a narrowing of the spinal canal. This narrowing (stenosis) puts pressure on the nerve(s) running through the spinal canal.

Bursitis is a disruption of the movement pattern of the shoulder girdle. Overuse during prolonged activities reduces the space between the tendon (rotator cuff) and the shoulder roof (acromion).

The shoulder is one of the most mobile joints in our body and allows us to move and rotate our arms in many directions. An interplay of bones, muscles, tendons, connective tissue and an elastic joint capsule guarantees both mobility and the necessary stability.

When the tendons of the shoulder become chronically wedged between the roof of the shoulder and the upper arm, we speak of an entrapment (impingement) of the shoulder. This causes pain in the upper arm.

In all movements of a normal shoulder, the humeral head is located centrally in the scapula. If the contact between the head and the socket disappears with certain movements, this indicates instability and you get the feeling that the shoulder is 'dislocating'.