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Osteoarthritis of the base of the thumb (rhizarthrosis) is a condition in which the cartilage at the base of the thumb has thinned or even disappeared completely. Sometimes prolonged repetitive movements and certain work conditions can accelerate osteoarthritis.

The hip joint forms the connection between the pelvis and upper leg and consists of the head of the femur and the hip socket (acetabulum). The hip is a ball and socket joint and allows the upper leg to move in all directions.

Disc degeneration is a normal age-related phenomenon. Aging causes a number of changes in the intervertebral disc in most people. The disc starts to dry out and flatten, and cracks may develop.

In spinal stenosis, there is a narrowing of the spinal canal. This narrowing (stenosis) puts pressure on the nerve(s) running through the spinal canal.

In spondylolysis, the vertebral arch becomes detached from the vertebral body. This can occur in the lower back due to intense practice of certain sports, but can also be discovered by chance. When the vertebra does not stay in place but shifts, we speak of spondylolisthesis.

Gynaecomastia is the development of abnormal mammary gland tissue in boys or men. This can occur in one or both breasts and can sometimes cause pain or sensitivity.