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A rotator cuff tear is a tear in the tendon sheet of the shoulder. This part of the shoulder provides the stability of the shoulder joint and the mobility of the arm.

The shoulder is one of the most mobile joints in our body and allows us to move and rotate our arms in many directions. An interplay of bones, muscles, tendons, connective tissue and an elastic joint capsule guarantees both mobility and the necessary stability.

A cervical disc hernia or neck hernia is a bulging of an intervertebral disc at the level of the neck. This can cause nerves to become pinched.

Disc degeneration is a normal age-related phenomenon. Aging causes a number of changes in the intervertebral disc in most people. The disc starts to dry out and flatten, and cracks may develop.

In spinal stenosis, there is a narrowing of the spinal canal. This narrowing (stenosis) puts pressure on the nerve(s) running through the spinal canal.

In spondylolysis, the vertebral arch becomes detached from the vertebral body. This can occur in the lower back due to intense practice of certain sports, but can also be discovered by chance. When the vertebra does not stay in place but shifts, we speak of spondylolisthesis.